[1] Torres Bodet, “Why We Fight.”感谢Glenda Sluga为我提供这个参考。

[2] Neumann, “International Civil War,” 333, 350; Kunze, “Zweiter Drei?igj?hriger Krieg.”

[3] Voltaire, Le siècle de Louis XIV (1756), quoted in Pagden, “Europe:Conceptualizing a Continent,” in The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union, ed. Pagden, 37.

[4] Fénelon, Fables and Dialogues of the Dead, 183; Bell, First Total War, 59.

[5] Lucan, Bellum civile 1.1 – 2: “bella per Emathios plus quam civilian campos, /…canimus” (my emphases).

[6] Armitage, “Cosmopolitanism and Civil War.”

[7] Kant, “Toward Perpetual Peace,” in Practical Philosophy, trans. Gregor, 330.

[8] Rousseau, Project for Perpetual Peace, 9 (“presque la cruauté des guerres civiles”).

[9] Bourrienne, Mémoires de M. de Bourrienne, ministre d’état, 5:207: “La Turquieexceptée, l’Europe n’est qu’une province du monde; quand nous battons, nous ne faisons que de la guerre civile.”

[10] Martin, La Russie et l’Europe, 106: “Toutes les guerres entre Européens sont guerres civiles.”

[11] 参见，例如G. K. Chesterton, in Hymans, Fort, and Rastoul, Pax mundi;Coudenhove-Kalergi, Europe Must Unite, title page。

[12] Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War, Final Record of the Diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1949, 2B:325, 11; Sivakumaran, Law of Non-international Armed Conflict,30 – 31, 40.

[13] International Committee of the Red Cross, Seventeenth International Red Cross Conference, Stockholm, August 1948: Report, 71; Pictet, Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 39 – 48. On the drafting of Common Article 3, see Moir, Law of Internal Armed Conflict,23 – 29.

[14] 20世纪法律背景，详见Rougier, Les guerres civiles et le droit des gens; Siotis,Le droit de la guerre et les conflits armés d’un caractère non-international;Castrén, Civil War; La Haye, War Crimes in Internal Armed Conflicts; Solis,Law of Armed Conflict; Dinstein,