[28] U.S. Department of State, Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs, “Daily Press Briefing — December 2, 2011”; Pressman, “Why Deny Syria Is in a Civil War?”

[29] Chenoweth, “Syrian Conflict Is Already a Civil War”; Murphy, “Why It’s Time to Call Syria a Civil War.”

[30] “Syria Crisis: Death Toll Tops 17,000, Says Opposition Group,” Huffington Post, July 9, 2012; “Syria in Civil War, Red Cross Says,” BBC News, Middle East, July 15, 2012.

[31] International Committee of the Red Cross, “Internal Conflicts or Other Situations of Violence.”

[32] Eckstein, “Introduction: Toward the Theoretical Study of Internal War,”in Internal War, 1. On Eckstein, see Almond, “Harry Eckstein as Political Theorist.”

[33] Eckstein, “On the Etiology of Internal Wars.” For recent overviews of the Cold War and the social sciences, see Engerman, “Social Science in the Cold War”;Gilman, “Cold War as Intellectual Force Field.”

[34] Orlansky, State of Research on Internal War, 3; compare Eckstein, Internal War,32: “The crucial issues…are pre-theoretical issues.”

[35] U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Nature of Revolution,155 – 56; Brinton, Anatomy of Revolution; Mc Alister, Viet Nam.

[36] 有关Rawls的演讲中更多政治和思想史的背景，详见Forrester, “Citizenship,War, and the Origins of International Ethics in American Political Philosophy,1960—1975”。

[37] Rawls, “Moral Problems.”

[38] Compare, for example, Speier, Revolutionary War.

[39] John Rawls, “Topic III: Just War: Jus ad bellum” (1969), Harvard University Archives, Acs. 14990, box 12, file 4; Mill, “A Few Words on Non-intervention”(1859), in Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, 21:111 – 23.

[40] Foucault, “La société punitive,” Lecture 1 (Jan. 3, 1973), 16 – 17; Foucault, La société punitive, 14 – 15; Foucault, Punitive Society, trans. Burchell, 13.

[41] hoffman, “Foucault’s Politics and Bellicosity as a Matrix for Power Relations.”

[42] Foisneau, “Farewell to Leviathan.”

[43] Foucault, “La société punitive,” Lecture 2 (J