世纪40年代的内战时期——参见Hoekstra, “Hobbes’s Thucydides,” 551–57; 现代对修昔底德的普遍理解，参见Harloe and Morley, eds., Thucydides and the Modern World。

[24] 修昔底德与现代医学，参见Price, Thucydides and Internal War, 14 –18, 以及他对“党争”与雅典瘟疫的叙述分析 (2.47–58), 参见Orwin, “Stasis and Plague”。

[25] Thucydides, Eight Bookes of the Peloponnesian Warre, trans. Hobbes, 198, 199(i.e., pp. 188, 189). 有关“党争”的语言历史，参见Loraux, “Thucydide et la sédition dans les mots”。

[26] Thucydides, War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians 3.74, trans. Mynott,208.

[27] 我非常感谢Richard Thomas强调了关于内战的空间维度这一重要观点，来与“党争”对比。

[28] Thomas De Quincey, “[‘Greece Under the Romans,’ draft]” ( Jan.–March 1844), in Works of Thomas De Quincey, 15:539 (foot-note). 感谢Jennifer Pitts在我写作这个段落时给我的提醒。

[29] Thucydides, War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, trans. Mynott, 212n1.

[30] Thucydides, Eight Bookes of the Peloponnesian Warre, trans. Hobbes, 198 (i.e.,188).

[31] Loraux, Divided City, 107– 8, 197–213; Ando, Law, Language, and Empire in the Roman Tradition, 3 – 4.

[32] Thucydides, War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians 4.64, trans. Mynott,273; Loraux, “Oikeios polemos.”

[33] Brunt, Social Conflicts in the Roman Republi; Lintott, Violence in Republican Rome.

[34] 关于tumults和civil war的区别，参见Jal, “‘Tumultus’ et ‘bellum ciuile’ dans les Philippiques de Cicéron”; Grangé, “Tumultus et tumulto”。

[35] Livy, History of Rome 1.7, in Rise of Rome, trans. Luce, 10–11; Wiseman,Remus.

[36] Lucan, Bellum civile 1.95, in Civil War, trans. Braund, 5; also quoted in Augustine, City of God Against the Pagans 15.5, ed. and trans. Dyson, 640.

[37] Beard, SPQR, 73–74.

[38] res publica的含义，参见Lind, “Idea of the Republic and the Foundations of Roman Political Liberty”。

[39] Livy, History of Rome 2.1, in Rise of Rome, 71; Arena, Libertas and the Practice of Politics in the Late Roman Republic.

[40] Raaflaub, Social Struggles in Archaic Rome.

[41] 参见，例如Draper, Dictatorship of the Proletariat, 11–27 (on “dictatorship”);Lekas, Marx on Classical Antiquity; Bonnell, “‘A Ver