Non-international Armed Conflicts in International Law; Moir, “Concept of Non-international Armed Conflict”。

[15] Geneva Convention, Common Article 3, in Pictet, Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 37 – 38.

[16] Sivakumaran, Law of Non-international Armed Conflict, 163; Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War, Final Record of the Diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1949, 1:351, quoted in ibid., 163.日内瓦会议关于殖民地的修改决议，参见Klose, “Colonial Testing Ground,” 108 – 11; Klose, Human Rights in the Shadow of Colonial Violence, trans. Geyer, 122 – 24。

[17] Institut de Droit International, “Principle of Non-intervention in Civil Wars.”

[18] Moir, Law of Internal Armed Conflict, 89 – 132; Sivakumaran, Law of Noninternational Armed Conflict,49 – 92, 182 – 92.

[19] Cullen, Concept of Non-international Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law; Vité, “Typology of Armed Conflicts in International Humanitarian Law,” 75 – 83; David, “Internal (Non-international) Armed Conflict.”

[20] 冲突分类的叙述，详见Wilmshurst, International Law and the Classification of Conflict。

[21] Institut de Droit International, “Application of International Humanitarian Law and Fundamental Human Rights, in Armed Conflicts in Which Non-state Entities Are Parties.”

[22] Kolb, “Le droit international public et le concept de guerre civile depuis 1945”;Mattler, “Distinction Between Civil Wars and International Wars and Its Legal Implications.”

[23] International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Tadi ,§ 97.

[24] 这些努力的总结和评论，详见Kre and Mégret, “The Regulation of Noninternational Armed Conflicts”。

[25] U.K. Ministry of Defence, Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict,381 – 408.

[26] Sewall, introduction to U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual, 352.

[27] International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Tadi ,§§ 126, 119.