27.

[30] Florus, Epitome 1.intro., 1.47.14, 2.3.18, 2.8.20, 2.13.4 –5, in Epitome of Roman History, trans. Foster, 5–7, 217, 233, 241, 267 (translations adapted).

[31] henderson, Fighting for Rome, pts. 1, 4; Breed, Damon, and Rossi, Citizens of Discord.

[32] “Trina bella civilia, plura externa, ac plerumque permixta.” Tacitus, Histories 1.2,in Histories, Books I–III, trans. Moore, 5 (translation adapted).

[33] Florus, Epitome 2.13, in Epitome of Roman History, trans. Foster, 267(translation adapted).

[34] Lucan, Bellum civile 1.1–8, in Civil War, trans. Braund, 3.

[35] Nú?ez González, “On the Meaning of Bella Plus Quam Ciuilia (Lucan 1, 1).”

[36] Lucan, Bellum civile 1.682, in Civil War, trans. Braund, 21; Waller to Sir Ralph Hopton, June 16, 1643 (O.S.), in Coate, Cornwall in the Great Civil War and Interregnum, 1642—1660, 77.

[37] Woodman, “Poems to Historians.”

[38] Augustine, City of God Against the Pagans 3.6, 15.5, ed. and trans. Dyson, 99,639 – 40.

[39] horace, Epodes 7, in Complete Odes and Epodes, trans. West, 11.

[40] Wiseman, Remus, 143.

[41] horace, Epodes 16, in Complete Odes and Epodes, trans. West, 18.

[42] Sallust, The War with Catiline 16.4, in Sallust, trans. Rolfe, 17, 19, 27–28(“civile bellum exoptabant”) (translation adapted).

[43] Sallust, fragments from Histories, bk. 1, frags. 8, 10, 12, in Fragments of the Histories, trans. Ramsey, 8 –13.

[44] Varro, Di vita populi Romani, frag. 114, quoted in Wiseman, “Two-Headed State,” 26; see also Florus, Epitome 2.5.3, in Epitome of Roman History,trans. Foster, 228 (“iudiciaria lege Gracchi piserant populum Romanum et bicipitem ex una fecerant civitatem”).

[45] Tacitus, Histories 2.38, in Tacitus, Histories, Books I–III, trans. Moore, 223(“temptamenta civilium bellorum”).

[46] Cicero, De officiis1.86, in Cicero, On Duties, 86 – 87.

[47] Tacitus, Histories 1.50, in Histories, Books I–III, trans. Moore, 85 (“repetita bellorum civilium memoria”) (translation adapted).

[48] Braund, “Tale of Two Cities”; Mc