[1] 至少根据哲学家Seneca the Elder所保存下来的文本中的话: “Optima civilis belli defensio oblivio est.” Seneca, Controversiae 10.3.5, quoted in Gowing,Empire and Memory, 82. 近来历史学家Josiah Osgood建议就罗马而言，“最好的防御就是渐渐忘记”。Osgood, “Ending Civil War at Rome,” 1689. 更多请参见Flower, Art of Forgetting。

[2] Caesar, Civil War 2.29, 3.1, ed. and trans. Damon, 166, 192; Francis W. Kelsey, “Title of Caesar’s Work on the Gallic and Civil Wars,” 230; Batstone and Damon, Caesar’s “Civil War,” 8–9, 31–32; Brown, “The Terms Bellum Sociale and Bellum Civile in the Late Republic,” 113 –18.

[3] Caesar, Civil War 1.22, ed. and trans. Damon, 35; Raaflaub, Dignitatis contentio.

[4] 近期关于恺撒渡过卢比孔河的著作，参见Wyke, Caesar, 66 – 89, 263 – 66。

[5] Appian, Civil Wars 2.35, trans. Carter, 88; Plutarch, Caesar 32, in Roman Lives, trans.Waterfield, 328–39. 这句名言通常都引用自Suetonius的拉丁语原文: “Iacta alea est.” Suetonius, The Deified Julius32, in Suetonius, trans. Rolfe, 1:76.

[6] Suetonius, Deified Julius 31–32, in Suetonius, trans. Rolfe, 1:74 –77; Lucan,Bellum civile (1.190 –92, 225 –27), in Civil War, trans. Braund, 8, 9.

[7] heuzé, “Comment peindre le passage du Rubicon?”

[8] Caesar, Civil War 1.8, ed. and trans. Damon, 15.

[9] Bonaparte, Précis des guerres de Jules César, 97–98 (“En passant le Rubicon,César avait déclaré la guerre civile et bravé les anathèmes prononcés contre les généraux qui passeraient en armes le Rubicon: ils étaient voués aux dieux infernaux”); Poignault, “Napoleon Ier et Napoleon III lecteurs de Jules César,”329 –36.

[10] Brown, “Terms Bellum Sociale and Bellum Civile in the Late Re public,” 104.

[11] Cicero, De imperio Cn. Pompei 28, in Political Speeches, trans. Berry, 119 (myemphasis).

[12] Seager, Pompey the Great, 25 –36, 43 – 48.

[13] Lucan, Bellum civile 1.12, in Civil War, trans. Braund, 3; Schmitt, Glossarium,32 (“Im Bürgerkrieg gibt es keinen Triumph”); Beard, Roman Triumph,123 –24, 303– 4.

[14] Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds and Sayings 2.8.7, quoted in Lange,“Triumph and Civil War in the Late Repub