[1] Abdul-Ahad, “ ‘Syria Is Not a Revolution Any More.’ ”

[2] Compare Viola, “Rivoluzione e guerra civile,” 24: “In un certo senso la rivoluzione sprovincializza la guerra civile.”

[3] Arendt, On Revolution, 12.

[4] 在Encyclopédie的“战争”这一词条中，同样没有提到Civil war［Guerre］。在Dictionnaire de l’Académie Fran?aise (1762)第四版中将Guerre civile,& guerre intestine定义为La guerre qui s’allume entre les peuples d’un mêmeétat。参见the ARTFL Project’s“Dictionnaires d’autrefois”。artflproject.uchicago.edu /content/dictionnaires-dautrefois.

[5] Koselleck, “Historical Criteria of the Modern Concept of Revolution,” trans.Tribe, 47, 48, 49。revolution和civil war两个概念的连续性，参见Koselleck,Critique and Crisis, 160 – 61; Bulst et al., “Revolution, Rebellion, Aufruhr,Bürgerkrieg,” esp. 712 –14, 726 –27, 778 – 80。

[6] Momigliano, “Ancient History and the Antiquarian,” 294; Goulemot, Le règne de l’histoire, 127–56.

[7] Echard, The Roman History from the Building of the City to the Perfect Settlement of the Empire by Augustus C?sar.

[8] Vertot, Histoire de la conjuration de Portugal; Vertot, Histoire des révolutions de Suède où l’on voit les changemens qui sont arrivez; Vertot, Histoire des révolutions de Portugal.

[9] Trakulhun, “Das Ende der Ming-Dynastie in China (1644).”

[10] Sidney, Discourses Concerning Government, 195 – 96.

[11] Vattel, Law of Nations (1758), 3.18.293, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 645.

[12] “A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled” ( July 4, 1776), in Armitage, Declaration of Independence, 165.

[13] Vattel, Law of Nations 1.4.51, 3.1.1–2, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 105, 469.

[14] Ibid., 3.18.287, 290, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 641, 642.

[15] “Thomas Jefferson’s ‘Original Rough Draft’ of the Declaration of Independence,” in Armitage, Declaration of Independence, 161.

[16] Vattel, Law of Nations 3.18.292, ed. Kapossy and Whatmore, 644 – 45. On Vattel’s doctrine of civil war, see Rech, Enemies of Mankind, 209 –13, 216 –20.

[17] Vattel, Law o