Larkin, “What Is a Loyalist?”

[37] Pocock, Three British Revolutions, 1641, 1688, 1776.

[38] “A Declaration…Seting Forth the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms”( July 6, 1775), in Hutson, Decent Respect to the Opinions of Mankind, 96, 97(my emphasis).

[39] Lord North to George III, July 26, 1775, quoted in Marshall, Making and Unmaking of Empires, 338.

[40] Paine, Common Sense, in Collected Writings, 45 – 46.

[41] Ibid., 18 –19. Compare Howell, Twelve Several Treatises, of the Late Revolutions in These Three Kingdomes, 118, where the total of “rebellions” since 1066 is given as “near upon a hundred.”

[42] On Paine and the “republican turn” in 1776, see Nelson, Royalist Revolution,108–45.

[43] “Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled” ( July 4, 1776), in Armitage, Declaration of Independence, 165, 170.

[44] Beaulac, “Emer de Vattel and the Externalization of Sovereignty.”

[45] Franklin to C. G. F. Dumas, Dec. 9, 1775, in Papers of Benjamin Franklin,22:287.

[46] Armitage, Declaration of Independence, 165, 166.

[47] Lempérière, “Revolución, guerra civil, guerra de independencia en el mundo hispánico, 1808—1825”; Adelman, “Age of Imperial Revolutions”; Pani, “Ties Unbound”; Lucena Giraldo, Naciones de rebeldes; Pérez Vejo, Elegía criolla.

[48] José María Cos, “Plan de Guerra” ( June 10, 1812), in Guedea, Textos insurgentes (1808—1821), 52–55; San Martín to Tomás Godoy Cruz, April 12,1816, quoted in John Lynch, San Martín, trans. Chaparro, 131.

[49] Baker, “Revolution 1.0,” 189; Baker, “Inventing the French Revolution,” 203,223.

[50] Snow, “Concept of Revolution in Seventeenth-Century England”; Rachum,“Meaning of ‘Revolution’ in the English Revolution (London, 1648—1660).” For an alternative view, see Harris, “Did the English Have a Script for Revolution in the Seventeenth Century?”

[51] hobbes, Behemoth; or, The Long Parliament, 389.

[52] Edelstein, “Do We Want a Revolution Without Revolution?”; compare Rey,